In the late 11th century the first crusade took place. The Seljuk Turks converted to Islam, and took over the caliphate at Baghdad, the Egyptian Fatimid, and the Byzantine Empire. They were threating to take over Constantinople as well and this is what caused the first crusade. Alexius the Byzantine emperor, went to Pope Urban the II for help. Pope Urban the II was looking for a way to streghten the Roman's churches power. Urban's effort to streghten the Church was through a mission in Seljuk occupation of Jerusalem, and in 1095 the First Crusade began to get the land back from the new muslims occupying the Holy Land.
Pope Urban believed using soldiers to take back the Holy Land was a good oppurtunity to fix the Catholic faith around them and to streghthen the churche's power. He called a council of three hundred and ten bishops and abbots at Clermont. He wanted to fix Christianity before it was destroyed. Around him he saw no signs of faith being practiced, some of the things he saw were
" Peace altoghter discarded by the princes of the world, who were engaged in incessant warlike contention and quarreling among themselves. He saw many vanquished, wrongfully taken prisoner and very cruelly thrown into foulest dungeons, either ransomed for a high price of, tortured bu the triple torements of hunger, thirst, and cold, blotted out by death hidden from the world, He saw holy places violated; monasteries and villas burned. He saw that no one was spared of any human suffering, and that things divine and human alike were held in derision."(Pope Urban at Clermont, Fulcher pg 354).
Alexiad coming to him to help him with the Seljuk Turks in Jursalem was an oppurtunity to fix this and to get back the holy land from the Muslims. He uses God as a way to get people to fight for the holy land he tells them,
" by God's permission placed over the whole world with the papal crown, I, Urban, as the messanger of divine admonition, have been compelled by an unavoidable occasion to come here to you servants of God. I dersired those whom I judged to be steward's of God's ministries to be true stewards and faithful, with all hypocrisy rejected.""(Pope Urban at Clermont, Fulcher pg. 355)
He is saying that God is telling the pope to tell everyone else to fight in the crusade and do whats right. Your sins will be forgiving if you fight for what is right. That there not truly mercenaries but "sheppards holding crooks in your hands; and sleeping not, guard on every side the flock entrusted to you"(Pope Urban at Clermont, Fulcher pg. 355) Pope Urban the second is using God as a right to have these men fight in a war and uses God to make it a "just war". When they finally capture Jerusalem they say a prayer and in it they say
"we call upon you Catholic Church of Christ and of the whole Latin Church to exult in the so admirable bravery and devotion of your bretheren, in the so glorious and very desirable retribution of the omnipotent God, and in the so devoutedly hoped-for remission of all our sins through the grace of God and his bretheren."(The Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, Raymond pg. 380)
So these soldiers were fighting for God and so that all their sins would be taken away and that they would automatically get a spot into heaven. This is what they were promised. According to their faith though it doesn't preach violence and God wouldn't want that done for him. What they did contradicts their teachings so there all probably screwed.
Not only were crusaders there to take back the holy land they also wanted to wipe out the Jews. As they passed through Jewish towns the Jews would whisper to each other what they had heard,
" Look now, we are going a long way to seek out the profane shrine and to avenge ouseleves on the Ishmaelites, when here, in our very midstm are the Jews- they whose forefathers murdered and crucified him for no reason. Let us first avenge ouselves on them and exterminate them from among the nations so that the name of Isreal will no longer be rembered." (Chronicle of Solomon Bar Simson, pg360)
The Christians on the crusade want to avenge Jesus now because it was the Jews who had him crucified. Since they are fighting for God, why not avenge Jesus by killing all the Jews? This lead to many deaths of Jews. For instance, " On the twenty-third of Iyar they attacked the community of Worms. The Community was then divided into two groups; some remained in their home and others fled to the local bishop seeking refuge."(Chronicles of Solomon bar Simson, pg. 361). Those who stayed in the homes were pillaged and they took the Torah scroll and burned it. The Jews who did not go and convert where terrorized by the Christians. Simon felt the Christians were the ones who were wrong and that the Pope was Satan. He says, " And Satan- the pope of evil Rome"(Chronicle of Solomon bar Simson, pg. 365) It was the Christians who were really causing most of the problems by trying to wipe everyone out who wasn't a Christian. The one who started it all, the Pope, Simon refers to as Satan because he is causing all these problems.
The Crusades were there to retrieve the holy land by using force. It was ok because Pope Urban said thats what God wanted to be done. The Crusades then turned into murdering Jews to get revenge on the Jews for crucifying Jesus. Everything was messed up at this time and the Pope used the Catholic faith for his own selfish reasons and caused many causlaties at this time.
Tuesday, November 30, 2010
Monday, November 22, 2010
In the 12th century the Franks and Roman Catholic crusades were going on to get back Jerusalem and the holy land from the muslims. The Franks and Roman Catholics believed using violence and force was the way to get back what was theirs. The crudsades were happening in both the Middle East and Western Euroupe.
Middle East-
The holy land, which is located in jerusalem, is in the middle east. It has both religious value to the Chrisitans and the Muslims. It is important to the Christians because it is where Jesus was born, lived, and was crucified, and resurected. It is important to muslims because it is said that Muhammed ascended into heaven. Muhammed is the prophet of God in the muslim relgion so it is one of the most religious/sacred sites in the Muslims relgion as well.
Western Euroupe-
The Christians were trying to get back the holy land and were saying it was "Just War" to attack the Muslims to get back the holy land. People believed that if you died in battle trying to get Jerusalem back you would be forgiven of your sins and would go straight to heaven. In 1603 Pope Alexander said that they go invade the Muslims to try to gain the holy land back.
Conclusion-
The main reason the crusades were going on was a fight for the holy land. It was sacred to both religions and they both wanted control of Jerusalem. Christians actually thought that killing Muslims to try to retatin the holy land was good and that they would be forgiven for their sins. The Pope even approved of the crusades. They believed it was just because it was such a sacred place in their relgious views.
Middle East-
The holy land, which is located in jerusalem, is in the middle east. It has both religious value to the Chrisitans and the Muslims. It is important to the Christians because it is where Jesus was born, lived, and was crucified, and resurected. It is important to muslims because it is said that Muhammed ascended into heaven. Muhammed is the prophet of God in the muslim relgion so it is one of the most religious/sacred sites in the Muslims relgion as well.
Western Euroupe-
The Christians were trying to get back the holy land and were saying it was "Just War" to attack the Muslims to get back the holy land. People believed that if you died in battle trying to get Jerusalem back you would be forgiven of your sins and would go straight to heaven. In 1603 Pope Alexander said that they go invade the Muslims to try to gain the holy land back.
Conclusion-
The main reason the crusades were going on was a fight for the holy land. It was sacred to both religions and they both wanted control of Jerusalem. Christians actually thought that killing Muslims to try to retatin the holy land was good and that they would be forgiven for their sins. The Pope even approved of the crusades. They believed it was just because it was such a sacred place in their relgious views.
Rough Draft of Final Portfolio
I believe I have earned an A this year in class based on what I have learned and the work and effort I have put forth. I have learned a lot of new things over the course of this semester and I have work and notes to prove that I have learned alot and that I am deserving of an A. I have done most of the assignments done for this class and I am doing my final portfolio right now. The main points I will focus on are the general course goals, rhetorical knowledge, process, critical thinking, reading, and writing, oral communaction skills, and technology.
General Course Goals-
I can use all the papers, blog posts, history/english papers, notes to show how I have adapted to the writing process, and how I have learned to write in differen't genres to put a main focus on my audience. The differen't formats I have learned to write. For instance the formal and informal writing styles. My first blog would be a good example of informal writing of twenty-five simple sentences. How I use rhethoric in my papers. The way I use logic, emotions, and credibilty. Also how you can use genres and notes to have your audience believe what you are saying. I can show the reasearch paper I did in history to show that I know how to quote primary sources from a book. Also I can show, through my blogs, I can cite internet websites as well, and know how to document sources. I can show academic intergrity through my blog post showing that the writing was mine and that if I did use someone else's idea I cited it to show it was someone else's work. Also my last paper I wrote got a B becaus I took adivce from my partner, who proofread it, and showed me the mistakes I made and gave me some idea's to change it. I have the before and after of the paper and I can show you how much better one is than the other. We have used the primary book source and the internet to look up facts about our topics for our history papers and I can prove in both history papers that I have learned how to succesfully take information from the book, or internet and use it in my paper to back up statements.
Rhetorical Knowledge-
When I first came into English 111 I didn't even know what rhetoric was or that it even was a word. I have learned alot about it though in this semester. Now I know a lot about what rhetoric is and what rhetoricians do. Rhetoric is the study of how to accomplish your ends by using communication. Rhetoricians use the pathos, ethos, and logos triangle to accomplish their ends. For instance ethos is the development of your character or reputations, logos is your ideals and logic, and pathos is your emotions. Rhetoricians have agendas, goals, and purposes and use that to bring a message to their audience. They have to know that their audience expects from them so they can know how to craft their message. A lot of times the author will use a genre for a certain audience. When using a genre you must be honest, give your own opinion, try to anticipate “the other”, and give good solid information. Your opinion is the basic structure of your argument.
Process-
I have learned the wiring process pretty well this year. I have had to turn in a lot of pre-writing, rough drafts, revised drafts, and final copies of papers on my blog. I have learned that writing papers becomes easier if you do the pre-writing, and rough drafts instead of just winging the paper the night before its due. I have written a log of blog entries online in informal writing, but my papers that I turn in for class are in formal writing because they are for a differen't audience. My blog entry is forever wants to read it, while my papers I turn in are for my professor.
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing-
This year I have also learned a lot about the writing process. That has been one of our main focuses this year. I have learned some tricks before I start writing that I never even thought about before this year. For instance I think about my audience, what my purpose and agenda is what genre I will be writing in, also format, tone, formality, and content. Some tricks and techniques I have learned are brainstorming, what I already know, research, listening, questioning, and talking with someone else. Some of my works that prove that I have learned how to use these tricks would be the brainstorming I have done on my blog, or the free writing that I did in class. I used some of these skills to start the last paper and now this paper. I also learned the different steps of the writing process: pre-writing, drafting, revising, proof reading, publishing, and review. I never really thought about using these steps before this year. I would always wing my papers and just turn them in without any revision or pre-writing before hand. This year I have used different forms of prewriting like the group brainstorming sessions. I also used the free writing once in class. I have written a draft for both of the papers that I have written. I exchanged my papers with a classmates last weekend in Dr. Demayo’s class to proof read and we exchanged opinions on how to improve each others papers. Then I made the changes and published it and turned it in to class the other day. I have learned how to write formally and informally. For instance the first blog entry I did was twenty-five simple sentences. Also the learning reflections I do are informal as well. I wrote my last paper formally because it was a paper due for class and that how a professor expects the paper to be turned in.
Oral Communication Skills-We have had a lot of group work to show oral communication skills. I was also the leader of my group for the history notecard thing and I notified everyone the notecards were due saturday to make sure no one forgot. I even had to post two of my group members notecards to my wall so that we could have all of our notecards online. Also I have revised and classmates paper, and vice versa. I took the information he wrote down and used it to improve on my paper. I have done the class assignments with the groups when we read out of the primary source books and talk about what we are going to write about.
Technology-
The technology we used this year was the blog. We learned how to use an internet site to write down our papers, notes, and learnig reflecitons. We aslo used technology to research for papers and quoted them. And finally we used slideshows in history to learn.
General Course Goals-
I can use all the papers, blog posts, history/english papers, notes to show how I have adapted to the writing process, and how I have learned to write in differen't genres to put a main focus on my audience. The differen't formats I have learned to write. For instance the formal and informal writing styles. My first blog would be a good example of informal writing of twenty-five simple sentences. How I use rhethoric in my papers. The way I use logic, emotions, and credibilty. Also how you can use genres and notes to have your audience believe what you are saying. I can show the reasearch paper I did in history to show that I know how to quote primary sources from a book. Also I can show, through my blogs, I can cite internet websites as well, and know how to document sources. I can show academic intergrity through my blog post showing that the writing was mine and that if I did use someone else's idea I cited it to show it was someone else's work. Also my last paper I wrote got a B becaus I took adivce from my partner, who proofread it, and showed me the mistakes I made and gave me some idea's to change it. I have the before and after of the paper and I can show you how much better one is than the other. We have used the primary book source and the internet to look up facts about our topics for our history papers and I can prove in both history papers that I have learned how to succesfully take information from the book, or internet and use it in my paper to back up statements.
Rhetorical Knowledge-
When I first came into English 111 I didn't even know what rhetoric was or that it even was a word. I have learned alot about it though in this semester. Now I know a lot about what rhetoric is and what rhetoricians do. Rhetoric is the study of how to accomplish your ends by using communication. Rhetoricians use the pathos, ethos, and logos triangle to accomplish their ends. For instance ethos is the development of your character or reputations, logos is your ideals and logic, and pathos is your emotions. Rhetoricians have agendas, goals, and purposes and use that to bring a message to their audience. They have to know that their audience expects from them so they can know how to craft their message. A lot of times the author will use a genre for a certain audience. When using a genre you must be honest, give your own opinion, try to anticipate “the other”, and give good solid information. Your opinion is the basic structure of your argument.
Process-
I have learned the wiring process pretty well this year. I have had to turn in a lot of pre-writing, rough drafts, revised drafts, and final copies of papers on my blog. I have learned that writing papers becomes easier if you do the pre-writing, and rough drafts instead of just winging the paper the night before its due. I have written a log of blog entries online in informal writing, but my papers that I turn in for class are in formal writing because they are for a differen't audience. My blog entry is forever wants to read it, while my papers I turn in are for my professor.
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing-
This year I have also learned a lot about the writing process. That has been one of our main focuses this year. I have learned some tricks before I start writing that I never even thought about before this year. For instance I think about my audience, what my purpose and agenda is what genre I will be writing in, also format, tone, formality, and content. Some tricks and techniques I have learned are brainstorming, what I already know, research, listening, questioning, and talking with someone else. Some of my works that prove that I have learned how to use these tricks would be the brainstorming I have done on my blog, or the free writing that I did in class. I used some of these skills to start the last paper and now this paper. I also learned the different steps of the writing process: pre-writing, drafting, revising, proof reading, publishing, and review. I never really thought about using these steps before this year. I would always wing my papers and just turn them in without any revision or pre-writing before hand. This year I have used different forms of prewriting like the group brainstorming sessions. I also used the free writing once in class. I have written a draft for both of the papers that I have written. I exchanged my papers with a classmates last weekend in Dr. Demayo’s class to proof read and we exchanged opinions on how to improve each others papers. Then I made the changes and published it and turned it in to class the other day. I have learned how to write formally and informally. For instance the first blog entry I did was twenty-five simple sentences. Also the learning reflections I do are informal as well. I wrote my last paper formally because it was a paper due for class and that how a professor expects the paper to be turned in.
Oral Communication Skills-We have had a lot of group work to show oral communication skills. I was also the leader of my group for the history notecard thing and I notified everyone the notecards were due saturday to make sure no one forgot. I even had to post two of my group members notecards to my wall so that we could have all of our notecards online. Also I have revised and classmates paper, and vice versa. I took the information he wrote down and used it to improve on my paper. I have done the class assignments with the groups when we read out of the primary source books and talk about what we are going to write about.
Technology-
The technology we used this year was the blog. We learned how to use an internet site to write down our papers, notes, and learnig reflecitons. We aslo used technology to research for papers and quoted them. And finally we used slideshows in history to learn.
Wednesday, November 17, 2010
Magna Carta (Unfinished)
The magna carta is an english charter, that was issued in 1215, then reissued in the later 13th century.
The 1215 Charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" could be punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence today.
The 1215 Charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" could be punished except through the law of the land, a right which is still in existence today.
Thursday, November 11, 2010
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
Chirsitanity, Islam, and Judaism all are monotheistic religions that come from the same root but have slight differences. The differences would be Judaism staying with just the old testament and believing in the new testament, Christians believing God had a son who was a form of God but walked on the earth, and Islams belief that God gave Muhammed a revelation.
Crusades
In the 12th century the Franks and Roman Catholic crusades were going on to get back Jerusalem and the holy land from the muslims. The Franks and Roman Catholics believed using violence and force was the way to get back what was theirs.
Barbarians
The Chinese society and European societies were withered down by the attacks of Mongols and Vikings. The mongols invaded the Chinese, while the Vikings would raid the costs of European countries.
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